MODAL VERBS
1. CAN – COULD = a putea (a fi instare –abilitatea de a face ceva)
[ken] –[ku:d]
I can swim. Can you swim?
He can speak English.
He cannot speak English./He can’t speak English.
2. MAY – MIGHT= a putea (a avea permisiunea)
May I open the window?/Pot sa deschid fereastra?
May I leave now?/Pot pleca acum?
to leave –left-left = a pleca, a lasa, a parasi, a lasa
[mei] – [mait]
3. MUST= trebuie (obligatie) [MAST]
I must arrive in time./trebuie sa ajung la timp.
Must you arrive in time?
You must not smoke here./You mustn’t smoke here.
4. SHOULD= ar trebui (sfat, recomandare)[şud]
You should talk to him./Tu ar trebui sa stai de vorba cu el.
Should you talk to him?
You should not talk to him./You shouldn’t talk to him.
to talk = a sta de vorba
I like to talk to you./Imi face placere sa stau de vorba cu tine.
Verbele modale sunt o categorieaparte in lb. engleza si au cateva caracteristici:
1. nu primesc “s” la pers. a-III-a sing. I can swim./He can swim. (deci au o singura forma pt. tóate pers.)
2. sunt urmate de infinitivul scurt al verbelor (fara “to”)
She can speak English fluently.Ea poate vorbi engleza fluent.
to speak=infinitive lung
speak=infinitive scurt
3. formeaza interogativul si neg. Fara ajutorul auxiliarelor
Can you swim?
I cannot swim.
4. nu au forme pt. toate timpurile si de aceea au inlocuitori (o sa discutam putin mai incolo acest punct)
1. CAN – COULD= a putea (a fi instare –abilitatea de a face ceva)
Can=forma pt. timpul present; could=forma pt. timpul trecut
Affirmative
Table 1
|
Present Tense |
Past Tense |
|
I can swim now. |
I could swim last year. |
|
You can speak French now. |
You could speak French last year. |
|
He can write books now. |
He could write books last year. |
|
She can sing very well now |
She could sing very well when she was a child. |
|
We can dance now. |
We could dance last year. |
|
You can speak German now. |
You could speak German when you were young. |
|
They can cook very well now. |
They could cook very well last year. |
Negative – long forms (forme lungi)
|
Present Tense |
Past Tense |
|
I cannot swim now. |
I could not swim last year. |
|
You cannot speak French now. |
You could not speak French last year. |
|
He cannot write books now. |
He could not write books last year. |
|
She cannot sing very well now |
She could not sing very well when she was a child. |
|
We cannot dance now. |
We could not dance last year. |
|
You cannot speak German now. |
You could not speak German when you were young. |
|
They cannot cook very well now. |
They could not cook very well last year. |
Negative –short forms (forms curte/contrase)
|
Present Tense |
Past Tense |
|
I can’t swim now. |
I couldn’t swim last year. |
|
You can’t speak French now. |
You couldn’t speak French last year. |
|
He can’t write books now. |
He couldn’t write books last year. |
|
She can’t sing very well now |
She couldn’t sing very well when she was a child. |
|
We can’t dance now. |
We couldn’t dance last year. |
|
You can’t speak German now. |
You couldn’t speak German when you were young. |
|
They can’t cook very well now. |
They couldn’t cook very well last year. |
Pronuntie: cannot [ken not]; could not [kud not]
can’t [kant]; couldn’t [kudnt]
Interrogative
|
Present Tense |
Past Tense |
|
Can I swim now? |
Could I swim last year? |
|
Can you speak French now? |
Could you speak French last year? |
|
Can he write books now? |
Could he write books last year? |
|
Can she sing very well now? |
Could she sing very well when she was a child? |
|
Can we dance now? |
Could you we dance last year? |
|
Can you speak German now? |
Could you speak German when you were young. |
|
Can they cook very well now? |
Could they cook very well last year. |
*CAN/COULD se mai folosesc pt. a exprima permisiunea in mod mai putin formal.
May I open the window? Pot sa deschid fereastra? (f. formal)
Can I open the window? Mai putin formal, mult mai folosit in vorbire
Expresii:
Can I have a cup of coffee, please?/imi dati o ceasca de cafea, va rog?
Can I have a ham sandwich, please?/imi dati un sendvis cu sunca, va rog?
Can I have….? modul in care ceri ceva
Would you like…….?modul in care oferi ceva
Would you like a cup of coffee? Ati dori o ceasca de cafea?
Would you like a ham sandwich? Ati dori un sandvis cu sunca?
2.MAY – MIGHT= a putea (a avea permisiunea)
May I open the window? Pot sa deschid fereastra?
May I leave now? Pot pleca acum?
to leave –left-left=a pleca, a lasa, a parasi, a lasa
[mei] – [mait]
May = forma pentru prezent
You may be right=Se poate sa ai dreptate
Might = forma numai pt. conditional (nu si pentru trecut)
You might be right = s-ar putea sa ai dreptate
I may leave now. Eu pot pleca acum (am permisiunea de a pleca)
Affirmative
|
I may leave now. |
Eu pot pleca acum |
|
You may open the window. |
Tu poti deschide fereastra. |
|
He may close the door. |
El poate inchide usa. |
|
She may leave earlier today. |
Ea poate pleca mai devreme azi. |
|
We may open the shop earlier. |
Noi putem deschide magazinul mai devreme. |
|
You may turn on the computer. |
Tu poti aprinde calcuatorul. |
|
They may turn off the TV. |
Ei pot stinge televizorul |
Negative
|
I maynot leave now. |
Eu nu pot pleca acum |
|
You maynot open the window. |
Tu nu poti deschide fereastra. |
|
He may not close the door. |
El nu poate inchide usa. |
|
She maynot leave earlier today. |
Ea nu poate pleca mai devreme azi. |
|
We maynot open the shop earlier. |
Noi nu putem deschide magazinul mai devreme. |
|
You maynot turn on the computer. |
Tu nu poti aprinde calcuatorul. |
|
They maynot turn off the TV. |
Ei nu pot stinge televizorul |
Interrogative
|
May I leave now? |
|
|
May you open the window? |
|
|
May he close the door? |
|
|
May she leave earlier today? |
|
|
may we open the shop earlier? |
|
|
May you turn on the computer? |
|
|
may they turn off the TV? |
|
Observatii: may=can (aici)
1) May I open the window? formal (mult mai politicos si protocolar)
Can I open the window? informal (folosit in vorbirea obisnuita)
2) May diferit de can
I can leave now = eu pot pleca (sunt capabil)
I may leave now = eu pot pleca (am permisiunea)
3) could = forma de trecut+conditional
might = numai forma de conditional
3. MUST = TO HAVE TO (trebuie – exprima obligatia)
1. Afirmative
A. I must work hard to pass this exam./Trebuie sa muncesc mult pentru a lua acest examen. (obligatie interna; asa consider eu ca trebuie sa fac)
B. I have to wear a uniformat school/Trebuie sa port uniforma la scoala (obligatie externa; imi este impus)
2. Interrogative
A. Must I work hard to pass this exam ?
B. Do you have to wear a uniform at school?
3. Negative(la negative isi schimba sensul)
Must – exprima interdictie
1. You must not park your car here/You mustn’t [masnt] park your car here.
(Nu trebuie/nu ai voie/e interzis sa parchezi aici)
You must not smoke here./You mustn’t smoke here.
(Nu trebuie/nu ai voie/e interzis sa parchezi aici).
Do not have – exprima lipsa obligatiei
You do not have to come with me. I can manage on my own./You don’t have to come with me, I can manage on my own.
on my own=singur, pe cont propriu
to manage= a conduce, a reusi, a se descurca
(Nu este nevoie, nu este necesar sa vii cu mine, ma pot descurca singur))
*to have to – formeaza interogativul si negativul cu ajutorul auxiliarului do/does, fiind de fapt un inlocuitor al verbului modal “must”
Affirmative- present tense
|
Internal obligation |
External obligation |
|
I must leave now. |
I have to wear a uniform at school. |
|
You must talk to him. |
You have to send emails in your job. |
|
He must wash his car. |
He has to work indoors. |
|
She must be at home early. |
She has to work outdoors. |
|
We must be at the airport in time. |
We have to pay for this course. |
|
You must be at the office early. |
You have to leave on Monday. |
|
They must phone their parents. |
They have to open the shop early. |
indoors=inside (inauntru)
outdoors=outside (in afara)
Interrogative – present tense
|
Internal obligation |
External obligation |
|
MustI leavenow? |
Do I have to wear a uniform at school? |
|
Must you talk to him? |
Do you have to send emails in your job? |
|
Must he wash his car? |
Does he have to work indoors? |
|
Must she be at home early? |
Does she have to work outdoors? |
|
Must we be at the airport in time? |
Do we have to pay for this course? |
|
Must you be at the office early? |
Do you have to leave on Monday? |
|
Must they phone their parents? |
Do they have to open the shop early? |
Negative – Present Tense
|
I must not park my car here. I mustn’t park my car here. |
I do not have to pay for this course. I don’t have to pay for this course. |
|
You must not smoke here. You mustn’t smoke here. |
You do not have to come with me. You don’t have to come with me. |
|
He must not enter this room. He mustn’t enter this room. |
He does not have to leave now. He doesn’t have to leave now. |
|
She must not enter the office. She mustn’t enter the office. |
She does not have to leave the office. She doesn’t have to leave the office. |
|
We must not leave the building. We mustn’t leave the building |
We do not have to leave the building. We don’t have to leave the building |
|
You must not go there. You mustn’t go there. |
You do not have to go there. You don’t have to go there. |
|
They mustn’t use the phone. They must not use the phone. |
They do not have to use the phone. They don’t have to use the phone. |
to use =a folosi
building[bilding] = cladire
to build[bild]-built[bilt]-built[bilt]= a construi
Affirmative – Past Tense
|
I had to leave then. |
I had to wear a uniform at school. |
|
You had to talk to him last night. |
You had to send emails in your job. |
|
He had to wash his car yesterday. |
He had to work indoors. |
|
She had to be at home early yesterday. |
She had to work outdoors. |
|
We had to be at the airport in time last week. |
We had to pay for this course. |
|
You had to be at the office early yesterday. |
You had to leave on Monday. |
|
They had to phone their parents. |
They had to open the shop early. |
Interrogative –Past Tense
|
Did I have to leave then? |
Did I have to wear a uniform at school? |
|
Did you have to talk to him last night? |
Did you have to send emails in your job? |
|
Did he have to wash his car yesterday? |
Did he have to work indoors? |
|
Did she have to be at home early yesterday? |
Did she have to work outdoors? |
|
Did we have to be at the airport in time last week? |
Did we have to pay for this course? |
|
Did you have to be at the office early yesterday? |
Did you have to leave on Monday? |
|
Did they haveto phone their parents? |
Did they have to open the shop early? |
Observatii:to have/have got/to have to
1.to have =have got (a avea)
a)She has a big house.
She has got a big house.
b) I have a lot of books.
I have got a lot of books.
c) You have a nice room.
You have got a nice room.
d) He has a CD player.
He has got a CD player.
e) We have a computer.
We have got a computer.
f) They have a big garden
They have got a big garden.
2. to have to + verb (trebuie sa)
I have towork hard.
You have toleave now.
He has tophone his boss.
She has towear a uniform.
We have tolearn English.
You have totalk to them.
They have towrite a lot of emails.
4. Should = ar trebui (sfat, recomandare)- [şud]
Affirmative
|
I should take a rest today. |
Ar trebui sa ma odihnesc azi. |
|
You should visit your parents more often. |
Ar trebui sa-i vizitezi pe parintii tai mai des. |
|
He should leave right now. |
El ar trebui sa plece chiar acum. |
|
She should be more polite. |
Ea ar trebui sa fie mai politicoasa. |
|
We should meet our friends more often. |
Ar trebui sa ne intalnim cu prietenii nostri mai des. |
|
You should talk to your sister. |
Tu ar trebui sa vorbesti cu sora ta. |
|
They should spend their holiday abroad. |
Ei ar trebui sa-si petreaca vacanta in strainatate. |
to take a rest/to have a rest= a se odihni
right now=chiar acum
polite[pălait]=politicos
abroad[ă’bro:d]=in strainatate
Interrogative
|
Should I take a rest today? |
Ar trebui sa ma odihnesc azi? |
|
Should youvisit your parents more often? |
Ar trebui sa-i vizitezi pe parintii tai mai des? |
|
Should heleave right now? |
El ar trebui sa plece chiar acum? |
|
Should shebe more polite? |
Ea ar trebui sa fie mai politicoasa? |
|
Should wemeet our friends more often? |
Ar trebui sa ne intalnim cu prietenii nostri mai des? |
|
Should you talk to your sister? |
Tu ar trebui sa vorbesti cu sora ta? |
|
Should they pend their holiday abroad? |
Ei ar trebui sa-si petreaca vacanta in strainatate? |
|
I should not take a rest today. |
I shouldn’t take a rest today. |
|
You should not visit your parents more often. |
You shouldn’t visit your parents more often. |
|
He should not leave right now. |
He shouldn’t leave right now. |
|
She should not be more polite. |
She shouldn’t be more polite. |
|
We should not meet our friends more often. |
We shouldn’t meet our friends more often. |
|
You should not talk to your sister. |
You shouldn’t not talk to your sister. |
|
They should not spend their holiday abroad. |
They shouldn’t not spend their holiday abroad. |
|
COUNTRY |
LANGUAGE/NATIONALITY |
PEOPLE |
|
|
England |
English |
an Englishman |
|
|
Scotland |
Scottish/Scotch/Scots |
a Scotsman |
|
|
Wales |
Welsh |
a Welshman |
|
|
Ireland |
Irish |
an Irishman |
|
|
Austria |
Austrian |
an Austrian |
|
|
Belgium |
Belgian/French-Flemish |
a Belgian |
|
|
Bulgaria |
Bulgarian |
a Bulgarian |
|
|
Cyprus |
Cypriot/Greek/Turkish |
a Cypriot/Greek/Turkish |
|
|
The Czech Republic |
Czech |
a Czech |
|
|
Denmark |
Danish |
a Dane |
|
|
Estonia |
Estonian |
an Estonian |
|
|
Finland |
Finnish |
a Finn |
|
|
France |
French |
a Frenchman |
|
|
Germany |
German |
a German |
|
|
Greece |
Greek |
a Greek |
|
|
Hungary |
Hungarian |
a Hungarian |
|
|
Italy |
Italian |
an Italian |
|
|
Latvia |
Latvian |
A Latvian |
|
|
Lithuania |
Lithuanian |
A Lithuanian |
|
|
Luxembourg |
French |
A Luxembourger |
|
|
Malta |
Maltese/English |
A Maltese |
|
|
Holland (the Netherlands) |
Dutch |
A Dutchman |
|
|
Poland |
Polish |
A Pole |
|
|
Portugal |
Portuguese |
A Portuguese |
|
|
Romania |
Romanian |
A Romanian |
|
|
Slovakia |
Slovak |
A Slovak |
|
|
Slovenia |
Slovenian |
A Slovenian |
|
|
Spain |
Spanish |
A Spaniard |
|
|
Sweden |
Swedish |
A Swede |
|
|
Norway |
Norwegian |
A Norwegian |
|
|
Switzerland |
Swiss/French/German/Romansh |
A Swiss |
|
The UK – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
The USA – The United States of America
The Netherlands